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Tables for "Pesticide Use and Breast Cancer Risk among Farmers' Wives in the Agricultural Health Study"

Abstract
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Table 4. Individual pesticide use (ever/never) and risk of breast cancer, by state, among farmers' wives, Agricultural Health Study, 1993-1997. (fully expanded)
Table 5. Individual pesticide use (ever/never) and risk of breast cancer, by menopausal status at enrollment, among farmers' wives, Agricultural Health Study, 1993-1997 (fully expanded)

 

TABLE 4. Individual pesticide use (ever/never) and risk of breast cancer, by state, among farmers' wives, Agricultural Health Study, 1993-1997. (fully expanded)

  Wife's pesticide use among all wives in the cohort Husband's pesticide use among wives who never used pesticides
  Cases
n (%)*		 Non-cases
n (%)*		 Adjusted RR (95% CI)†,‡ Cases
n (%)*		 Non-cases
n (%)*		 Adjusted RR (95% CI)†,‡
Iowa N=207 N=20,592   N=93 N=8,221  
Any pesticides 114 (55.1) 12,371 (60.1) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 92 (100.0) 8,091 (99.4)  
Chemical classes§: (expand/collapse)
  Carbamates 67 (33.2) 6,211 (30.7) 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) 35 (53.9) 2,735 (53.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
  Chloroacetanilides 13 (6.4) 1,383 (6.9) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 71 (80.7) 6,112 (77.7) 1.2 (0.7, 2.0)
  Dinitroanilines 13 (6.4) 1,589 (7.9) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 60 (80.0) 5,405 (81.6) 1.4 (0.8, 2.4)
  Dithiocarbamates
<3
138 (0.7)
 
<3
45 (1.0)
 
  Organochlorines
13 (6.5)
1,578 (8.0)
0.4 (0.2, 0.8)
47 (75.8)
1,856 (41.1)
2.2 (1.2, 4.0)
  Organophosphates
60 (29.6)
5,565 (27.8)
0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
77 (92.8)
6,800 (94.3)
1.1 (0.5, 2.5)
  Phenoxy herbicides
32 (15.8)
3,774 (18.7)
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)
77 (90.6)
6,757 (91.8)
1.1 (0.5, 2.3)
  Pyrethroids
8 (4.0)
1,110 (5.6)
0.6 (0.3, 1.3)
19 (22.1)
1,887 (24.6)
1.3 (0.7, 2.1)
  Thiocarbamates
4 (2.0)
575 (2.9)
0.5 (0.2, 1.4)
32 (50.8)
2,812 (53.8)
1.2 (0.8, 2.0)
  Triazines
11 (5.4)
1,431 (7.1)
0.6 (0.3, 1.1)
78 (91.8)
6,949 (93.2)
1.2 (0.6, 2.7)
Insecticides: (expand/collapse)
  Aldicarb
<3
40 (0.2)
 
<3
121 (1.5)
 
   Aldrin
3 (1.5)
212 (1.1)
0.7 (0.2, 2.2)
47 (51.1)
1,459 (18.2)
2.3 (1.5, 3.5)
   Carbaryl
64 (31.7)
6,049 (29.8)
1.0 (0.7, 1.3)
38 (41.3)
2,432 (30.2)
1.6 (1.1, 2.5)
   Carbofuran
5 (2.5)
431 (2.2)
0.9 (0.4, 2.2)
27 (32.5)
2,010 (26.0)
1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
   Chlordane
9 (4.5)
911 (4.6)
0.5 (0.3, 1.0)
34 (37.0)
1,174 (14.7)
2.4 (1.5, 3.6)
   Chlorpyrifos
13 (6.4)
844 (4.2)
1.5 (0.9, 2.7)
43 (50.0)
3,498 (44.5)
1.4 (0.9, 2.1)
   Coumaphos
3 (1.5)
283 (1.4)
0.7 (0.2, 2.3)
8 (9.6)
635 (8.3)
1.0 (0.5, 2.0)
   DDT†
8 (4.0)
699 (3.5)
0.6 (0.3, 1.1)
40 (43.5)
1,381 (17.2)
1.6 (1.0, 2.6)
   Diazinon
18 (9.0)
1,869 (9.3)
0.9 (0.6, 1.5)
19 (20.7)
1,236 (15.4)
1.6 (0.9, 2.6)
   Dichlorvos†
13 (6.5)
682 (3.4)
1.3 (0.7, 2.2)
16 (18.8)
935 (12.1)
1.5 (0.9, 2.6)
   Dieldrin
<3
97 (0.5)
 
14 (15.2)
381 (4.8)
1.9 (1.1, 3.4)
   Fonofos
5 (2.5)
529 (2.6)
0.8 (0.3, 1.9)
32 (38.1)
2,247 (28.7)
1.4 (0.9, 2.2)
   Heptachlor
4 (2.0)
214 (1.1)
1.0 (0.4, 2.7)
35 (38.0)
1,253 (15.6)
1.8 (1.2, 2.8)
   Lindane
<3
324 (1.6)
 
21 (22.8)
1,203 (15.0)
1.7 (1.0, 2.8)
   Malathion
43 (21.3)
4,204 (20.7)
0.8 (0.6, 1.2)
63 (68.5)
5,241 (64.8)
1.4 (0.9, 2.2)
   Parathion
<3
183 (0.9)
 
8 (8.7)
421 (5.3)
2.0 (1.0, 4.1)
   Permethrin (for animals)
6 (3.0)
863 (4.3)
0.6 (0.3, 1.4)
12 (14.0)
1,249 (16.0)
1.2 (0.7, 2.3)
   Permethrin (for crops)
<3
391 (1.9)
 
8 (9.4)
860 (11.2)
1.2 (0.6, 2.5)
   Phorate
5 (2.5)
522 (2.6)
0.7 (0.3, 1.8)
42 (45.2)
3,008 (37.5)
1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
   Terbufos
8 (3.9)
745 (3.7)
1.0 (0.5, 2.0)
36 (41.9)
3,755 (47.7)
0.8 (0.5, 1.2)
   Toxaphene
<3
107 (0.5)
 
18 (19.6)
595 (7.4)
1.9 (1.2, 3.2)
Herbicides: (expand/collapse)
  Alachlor
9 (4.4)
1,035 (5.1)
0.7 (0.3, 1.3)
53 (60.9)
4,576 (58.7)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
  Atrazine
9 (4.4)
1,142 (5.6)
0.6 (0.3, 1.2)
71 (80.7)
6,466 (80.8)
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
  Butylate
<3
353 (1.8)
 
29 (31.5)
2,567 (32.0)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
  Chlorimuron ethyl
6 (2.9)
435 (2.2)
1.3 (0.6, 2.9)
29 (31.5)
2,932 (36.6)
1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
  Cyanazine
7 (3.4)
779 (3.9)
0.7 (0.3, 1.5)
45 (51.7)
4,271 (54.6)
0.8 (0.5, 1.2)
  Dicamba
14 (6.9)
1,082 (5.3)
1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
57 (64.8)
5,193 (66.6)
1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
  EPTC§
<3
373 (1.9)
 
19 (22.6)
2,032 (26.3)
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
  Glyphosate
63 (30.9)
7,408 (36.4)
0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
64 (71.9)
5,519 (69.5)
1.3 (0.8, 2.0)
  Imazethapyr
6 (2.9)
860 (4.3)
0.8 (0.4, 1.8)
49 (57.0)
4,725 (60.3)
1.2 (0.8, 1.9)
  Metolachlor
11 (5.4)
865 (4.3)
1.2 (0.7, 2.3)
47 (54.7)
4,215 (54.0)
1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
  Metribuzin
<3
471 (2.3)
 
42 (45.7)
3,913 (48.7)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
  Paraquat
<3
137 (0.7)
 
9 (9.8)
716 (9.0)
1.3 (0.7, 2.6)
  Pendimethalin
3 (1.5)
551 (2.7)
0.6 (0.2, 1.8)
31 (33.7)
3,152 (39.3)
1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
  Petroleum oil
10 (4.9)
856 (4.2)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
25 (27.2)
2,835 (35.4)
1.2 (0.8, 2.0)
  Trifluralin
12 (5.9)
1,429 (7.1)
0.7 (0.4, 1.3)
56 (64.4)
4,989 (63.0)
1.0 (0.6, 1.5)
  2,4-D†
32 (15.7)
3,751 (18.5)
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)
77 (85.6)
6,672 (83.9)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
  2,4,5-T†
<3
184 (0.9)
 
31 (33.7)
1,528 (19.1)
1.3 (0.8, 1.9)
  2,4,5-TP†
<3
84 (0.4)
 
12 (13.0)
468 (5.9)
1.9 (1.0, 3.4)
Fungicides: (expand/collapse)
  Benomyl
<3
64 (0.3)
 
<3
141 (1.8)
 
  Captan
3 (1.5)
414 (2.1)
0.5 (0.2, 1.5)
15 (17.7)
794 (10.3)
3.2 (1.8, 5.6)
  Chlorothalonil
3 (1.5)
118 (0.6)
2.4 (0.8, 7.7)
<3
88 (1.1)
 
  Maneb
<3
125 (0.6)
 
<3
105 (1.3)
 
  Metalaxyl
<3
77 (0.4)
 
4 (4.4)
563 (7.0)
0.6 (0.2, 1.6)
Fumigants: (expand/collapse)
  Carbon tetrachloride/ carbon disulfide
<3
134 (0.7)
 
7 (7.6)
361 (4.5)
1.2 (0.6, 2.6)
  Ethylene dibromide
<3
15 (0.1)
 
<3
75 (0.9)
 
  Methyl bromide
<3
45 (0.2)
 
<3
107 (1.4)
 
N. Carolina N=102 N=9,553   N=59 N=5,076  
Any pesticides 43 (42.2) 4,477 (46.9) 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) 52 (98.1) 4,611 (98.9)  
Chemical classes: (expand/collapse)
  Carbamates
31 (31.0)
3,060 (32.4)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
35 (85.4)
2,669 (86.3)
1.0 (0.4, 2.3)
  Chloroacetanilides
3 (3.0)
217 (2.3)
1.3 (0.4, 4.0)
19 (44.2)
2,303 (55.9)
0.7 (0.4, 1.3)
  Dinitroanilines
5 (5.0)
192 (2.0)
2.3 (0.9, 5.6)
22 (57.9)
1,932 (65.1)
1.1 (0.6, 2.1)
  Dithiocarbamates
<3
323 (3.5)
 
10 (23.3)
612 (22.7)
1.0 (0.5, 2.0)
  Organochlorines
6 (6.1)
627 (6.7)
0.6 (0.3, 1.3)
22 (51.2)
1,408 (52.2)
0.7 (0.4, 1.2)
  Organophosphates
26 (26.3)
2,015 (21.5)
1.1 (0.7, 1.8)
45 (97.8)
3,277 (90.0)
6.7 (0.9, 48.7)
  Phenoxy herbicides
9 (9.0)
531 (5.7)
1.5 (0.7, 2.9)
33 (73.3)
2,780 (79.2)
1.1 (0.6, 2.1)
  Pyrethroids
<3
283 (3.0)
 
6 (13.6)
843 (21.9)
0.7 (0.3, 1.7)
  Thiocarbamates
<3
64 (0.7)
 
4 (14.3)
580 (25.3)
0.6 (0.2, 1.8)
  Triazines
<3
196 (2.1)
 
31 (72.1)
2,772 (76.4)
1.3 (0.6, 2.4)
Insecticides: (expand/collapse)
  Aldicarb
<3
112 (1.2)
 
7 (13.2)
1,219 (27.0)
0.5 (0.2, 1.2)
  Aldrin
<3
22 (0.2)
 
5 (9.4)
430 (9.6)
0.9 (0.4, 2.2)
  Carbaryl
31 (31.0)
3,043 (32.1)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
40 (72.7)
3,389 (73.0)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
  Carbofuran
<3
116 (1.2)
 
12 (27.3)
1,174 (29.7)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
  Chlordane
5 (5.0)
290 (3.1)
1.0 (0.4, 2.6)
18 (32.7)
1,264 (27.9)
1.1 (0.6, 1.9)
  Chlorpyrifos
3 (3.0)
318 (3.4)
1.1 (0.4, 3.6)
18 (36.7)
1,688 (42.0)
1.1 (0.6, 1.9)
  Coumaphos
<3
86 (0.9)
 
<3
298 (7.8)
 
  DDT†
<3
334 (3.6)
 
21 (37.5)
1,409 (31.0)
0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
  Diazinon
13 (12.9)
1,108 (11.7)
1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
20 (37.0)
1,760 (38.9)
1.2 (0.7, 2.0)
  Dichlorvos†
<3
46 (0.5)
 
<3
128 (3.3)
 
  Dieldrin
<3
10 (0.1)
 
<3
110 (2.5)
 
  Fonofos
<3
20 (0.2)
 
<3
284 (7.3)
 
  Heptachlor
<3
6 (0.1)
 
<3
151 (3.4)
 
  Lindane
<3
113 (1.2)
 
8 (15.1)
518 (11.5)
1.5 (0.7, 3.3)
  Malathion
20 (19.8)
1,502 (15.9)
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
38 (71.7)
2,824 (61.1)
1.5 (0.8, 2.7)
  Parathion
<3
115 (1.2)
 
10 (19.2)
963 (21.5)
0.9 (0.5, 1.8)
  Permethrin (for animals)
<3
137 (1.5)
 
<3
186 (4.8)
 
  Permethrin (for crops)
<3
190 (2.0)
 
4 (8.9)
706 (18.1)
0.6 (0.2, 1.7)
  Phorate
<3
53 (0.6)
 
6 (11.3)
714 (15.9)
0.8 (0.3, 1.9)
  Terbufos
<3
93 (1.0)
 
9 (20.0)
944 (24.1)
1.0 (0.5, 2.1)
  Toxaphene
<3
94 (1.0)
 
11 (21.2)
882 (19.7)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
Herbicides: (expand/collapse)
  Alachlor
<3
184 (2.0)
 
19 (44.2)
2,016 (49.3)
0.9 (0.5, 1.6)
  Atrazine
<3
165 (1.8)
 
30 (63.8)
2,596 (60.6)
1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
  Butylate
<3
51 (0.5)
 
7 (13.0)
799 (17.9)
0.8 (0.4, 1.7)
  Chlorimuron ethyl
<3
64 (0.7)
 
14 (25.9)
1,379 (30.4)
1.0 (0.6, 1.9)
  Cyanazine
<3
49 (0.5)
 
4 (9.5)
638 (16.2)
0.6 (0.2, 1.8)
  Dicamba
<3
64 (0.7)
 
5 (12.5)
712 (18.3)
0.8 (0.3, 1.9)
  EPTC†
<3
23 (0.2)
 
<3
260 (6.8)
 
  Glyphosate
19 (19.0)
2,608 (27.7)
0.7 (0.4, 1.2)
45 (86.5)
3,785 (86.4)
1.2 (0.6, 2.8)
  Imazethapyr
<3
18 (0.2)
 
<3
351 (9.2)
 
  Metolachlor
<3
93 (1.0)
 
11 (26.2)
1,407 (35.1)
0.8 (0.4, 1.5)
  Metribuzin
<3
37 (0.4)
 
9 (16.7)
855 (19.0)
1.1 (0.5, 2.2)
  Paraquat
<3
216 (2.3)
 
21 (38.2)
1,799 (39.5)
1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
  Pendimethalin
3 (3.0)
144 (1.5)
2.0 (0.6, 6.3)
17 (31.5)
1,964 (43.1)
0.8 (0.5, 1.4)
  Petroleum oil
<3
168 (1.8)
 
13 (24.1)
1,123 (25.1)
1.5 (0.8, 2.8)
  Trifluralin
<3
82 (0.9)
 
13 (30.2)
1,349 (34.3)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
  2,4-D†
9 (8.9)
523 (5.6)
1.5 (0.7, 2.9)
30 (63.8)
2,691 (64.8)
0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
  2,4,5-T†
<3
30 (0.3)
 
13 (24.1)
727 (16.2)
1.3 (0.7, 2.4)
  2,4,5-TP†
<3
19 (0.2)
 
7 (13.2)
299 (6.7)
2.1 (0.9, 4.6)
Fungicides: (expand/collapse)
  Benomyl
<3
188 (2.0)
 
18 (33.3)
1,080 (23.8)
1.7 (0.9, 2.9)
  Captan
<3
220 (2.4)
 
8 (20.0)
439 (11.4)
1.9 (0.9, 4.3)
  Chlorothalonil
<3
151 (1.6)
 
13 (31.0)
973 (24.7)
1.5 (0.8, 2.9)
  Maneb
<3
322 (3.4)
 
13 (23.6)
1,042 (23.0)
1.0 (0.5, 1.9)
  Metalaxyl
4 (4.1)
371 (4.0)
0.9 (0.3, 2.6)
25 (45.5)
2,208 (48.0)
1.1 (0.6, 1.8)
Fumigants: (expand/collapse)
  Carbon tetrachloride/ carbon disulfide
<3
27 (0.3)
 
3 (5.5)
177 (3.9)
1.4 (0.4, 4.5)
  Ethylene dibromide
<3
22 (0.2)
 
3 (5.5)
425 (9.5)
0.5 (0.1, 1.5)
  Methyl bromide
6 (5.9)
305 (3.2)
1.4 (0.6, 3.2)
20 (43.5)
1,814 (44.8)
1.0 (0.6, 1.8)

* The numbers of cases and noncases included in the analyses differ across pesticides because of missing data.
† RR, rate ratio; CI, confidence interval; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; dichlorvos, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethylphosphate; EPTC, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-TP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid.
‡ Each pesticide exposure was examined in a separate model adjusted for age (<40, 40-49, 50-59, and =60 years), race (White and other), and state of residence (Iowa and North Carolina). A rate ratio was estimated only if there were at least three exposed and three unexposed cases and three exposed and three unexposed noncases.
§ Organophosphate insecticides: chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, fonofos, malathion, methyl or ethyl parathion, phorate, terbufos, and trichlorfon; organochlorine insecticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, and toxaphene; carbamate insecticides: aldicarb, carbaryl, and carbofuran; pyrethroid insecticides: permethrin or pyrethroid products; triazine herbicides: atrazine, cyanazine, and metribuzin; chloroacetanilide herbicides: alachlor and metolachlor; thiocarbamate herbicides: butylate and EPTC; dinitroaniline herbicides: pendimethalin and trifluralin; phenoxy herbicides: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4,5-TP; dithiocarbamate fungicides: mancozeb, maneb, and ziram.

 

TABLE 5. Individual pesticide use (ever/never) and risk of breast cancer, by menopausal status at enrollment, among farmers' wives, Agricultural Health Study, 1993-1997 (fully expanded)

  Wife's pesticide use among all wives in the cohort Husband's pesticide use among wives who never used pesticides
  Cases
n (%)*		 Non-cases
n (%)*		 Adjusted RR (95% CI)†,‡ Cases
n (%)*		 Non-cases
n (%)*		 Adjusted RR (95% CI)†,‡
Premenopausal women N=87 N=13,087   N=36 N=5,674  
Any pesticides 51 (58.6) 7,413 (56.6) 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) 35 (100.0) 5,507 (99.3)  
Chemical classes: (expand/collapse)
  Carbamates
28 (33.3)
3,800 (29.4)
1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
13 (65.0)
2,142 (57.7)
1.2 (0.5, 3.2)
  Chloroacetanilides
6 (6.9)
694 (5.4)
1.1 (0.5, 2.6)
23 (69.7)
3,893 (72.9)
0.9 (0.4, 1.9)
  Dinitroanilines
9 (10.3)
765 (5.9)
1.6 (0.8, 3.3)
16 (66.7)
3,363 (76.6)
0.8 (0.3, 1.9)
  Dithiocarbamates
<3
173 (1.4)
 
<3
249 (7.4)
 
  Organochlorines
7 (8.6)
635 (5.0)
1.1 (0.5, 2.5)
8 (44.4)
1,050 (31.2)
0.9 (0.4, 2.4)
  Organophosphates
25 (29.4)
3,239 (25.2)
1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
30 (100.0)
4,548 (92.7)
 
  Phenoxy herbicides
15 (17.2)
1,893 (14.7)
1.2 (0.7, 2.0)
25 (80.7)
4,171 (85.9)
0.9 (0.4, 2.3)
  Pyrethroids
4 (4.8)
737 (5.8)
0.7 (0.3, 2.0)
9 (26.5)
1,464 (28.3)
1.0 (0.5, 2.2)
  Thiocarbamates
<3
268 (2.1)
 
5 (29.4)
1,677 (46.5)
0.6 (0.2, 1.6)
  Triazines
5 (5.8)
673 (5.2)
1.0 (0.4, 2.4)
27 (87.1)
4,324 (87.5)
1.4 (0.5, 4.3)
Insecticides: (expand/collapse)
  Aldicarb
<3
71 (0.6)
 
<3
530 (9.6)
 
  Aldrin
<3
54 (0.4)
 
6 (17.7)
416 (7.6)
1.4 (0.6, 3.8)
  Carbaryl
26 (31.0)
3,723 (28.7)
1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
14 (40.0)
2,247 (40.6)
0.8 (0.4, 1.7)
  Carbofuran
<3
192 (1.5)
 
10 (31.3)
1,261 (24.2)
1.1 (0.5, 2.3)
  Chlordane
6 (7.3)
361 (2.8)
1.6 (0.7, 3.7)
8 (23.5)
717 (13.0)
1.4 (0.6, 3.2)
  Chlorpyrifos
7 (8.3)
503 (3.9)
2.2 (1.0, 4.9)
13 (39.4)
2,483 (46.8)
0.8 (0.4, 1.6)
  Coumaphos
<3
154 (1.2)
 
<3
416 (8.1)
 
  DDT†
<3
167 (1.3)
 
7 (20.6)
484 (8.8)
1.3 (0.5, 3.2)
  Diazinon
8 (9.5)
1,333 (10.4)
0.8 (0.4, 1.6)
10 (29.4)
1,187 (21.6)
1.5 (0.7, 3.2)
  Dichlorvos†
6 (7.1)
311 (2.4)
2.3 (1.0, 5.3)
4 (12.1)
547 (10.6)
1.1 (0.4, 3.3)
  Dieldrin
<3
26 (0.2)
 
<3
91 (1.7)
 
  Fonofos
<3
210 (1.6)
 
7 (21.9)
1,143 (21.8)
1.1 (0.4, 2.5)
  Heptachlor
<3
53 (0.4)
 
3 (8.8)
357 (6.5)
0.9 (0.3, 3.3)
  Lindane
<3
189 (1.5)
 
8 (23.5)
707 (12.9)
2.1 (0.9, 4.6)
  Malathion
16 (19.1)
2,335 (18.0)
0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
25 (71.4)
3,505 (63.3)
1.5 (0.7, 3.0)
  Parathion
<3
123 (1.0)
 
3 (8.8)
474 (8.6)
0.9 (0.3, 3.0)
  Permethrin (for animals)
<3
558 (4.3)
 
5 (15.6)
825 (15.8)
1.3 (0.5, 3.3)
  Permethrin (for crops)
<3
291 (2.3)
 
5 (14.7)
789 (15.2)
0.9 (0.4, 2.4)
  Phorate
3 (3.6)
236 (1.8)
1.5 (0.5, 4.9)
11 (31.4)
1,576 (28.6)
1.2 (0.6, 2.5)
  Terbufos
6 (7.1)
358 (2.8)
2.6 (1.1, 5.9)
14 (41.2)
2,259 (42.8)
1.0 (0.5, 2.1)
  Toxaphene
<3
57 (0.5)
 
5 (14.7)
436 (7.9)
1.2 (0.4, 3.1)
Herbicides: (expand/collapse)
  Alachlor
6 (6.9)
510 (4.0)
1.5 (0.6, 3.3)
17 (51.5)
2,942 (55.6)
0.7 (0.4, 1.4)
  Atrazine
4 (4.6)
528 (4.1)
1.0 (0.4, 2.6)
24 (72.7)
4,028 (74.6)
1.0 (0.4, 2.1)
  Butylate
<3
155 (1.2)
 
5 (14.7)
1,500 (27.3)
0.4 (0.2, 1.0)
  Chlorimuron ethyl
<3
217 (1.7)
 
12 (35.3)
2,101 (38.2)
1.1 (0.5, 2.2)
  Cyanazine
4 (4.6)
337 (2.6)
1.6 (0.6, 4.4)
11 (33.3)
2,300 (43.8)
0.6 (0.3, 1.2)
  Dicamba
3 (3.5)
502 (3.9)
0.9 (0.3, 2.7)
17 (53.1)
2,860 (54.6)
1.1 (0.5, 2.5)
  EPTC§
<3
173 (1.3)
 
4 (12.9)
1,173 (22.6)
0.6 (0.2, 1.8)
  Glyphosate
32 (36.8)
4,613 (35.5)
1.2 (0.8, 1.9)
25 (71.4)
4,170 (76.9)
0.7 (0.3, 1.4)
  Imazethapyr
<3
390 (3.0)
 
16 (51.6)
2,572 (49.3)
1.8 (0.8, 4.0)
  Metolachlor
4 (4.6)
426 (3.3)
1.3 (0.5, 3.5)
13 (40.6)
2,711 (51.3)
0.7 (0.3, 1.4)
  Metribuzin
<3
194 (1.5)
 
13 (38.2)
2,209 (40.2)
1.0 (0.5, 2.1)
  Paraquat
<3
138 (1.1)
 
5 (14.7)
985 (17.9)
0.7 (0.3, 2.0)
  Pendimethalin
<3
300 (2.3)
 
6 (17.7)
2,332 (42.3)
0.3 (0.1, 0.8)
  Petroleum oil
3 (3.5)
455 (3.5)
0.8 (0.3, 2.5)
13 (38.2)
1,764 (32.1)
1.8 (0.9, 3.6)
  Trifluralin
7 (8.1)
640 (5.0)
1.5 (0.7, 3.2)
14 (45.2)
2,875 (54.5)
0.7 (0.3, 1.4)
  2,4-D†
15 (17.2)
1,880 (14.5)
1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
25 (71.4)
4,116 (76.8)
0.7 (0.3, 1.5)
  2,4,5-T†
<3
57 (0.4)
 
6 (17.7)
694 (12.7)
1.0 (0.4, 2.4)
  2,4,5-TP†
<3
22 (0.2)
 
3 (8.8)
271 (4.9)
1.6 (0.5, 5.2)
Fungicides: (expand/collapse)
  Benomyl
<3
101 (0.8)
 
<3
432 (7.8)
 
  Captan
<3
276 (2.2)
 
3 (9.7)
539 (10.4)
1.1 (0.3, 3.5)
  Chlorothalonil
<3
115 (0.9)
 
3 (9.7)
400 (7.7)
0.9 (0.3, 3.4)
  Maneb
<3
165 (1.3)
 
3 (8.8)
396 (7.2)
1.0 (0.3, 3.6)
  Metalaxyl
3 (3.6)
193 (1.5)
2.0 (0.6, 6.4)
7 (20.6)
1,121 (20.3)
0.8 (0.3, 2.1)
Fumigants: (expand/collapse)
  Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide
<3
32 (0.3)
 
<3
148 (2.7)
 
  Ethylene dibromide
<3
18 (0.1)
 
3 (8.8)
179 (3.3)
2.0 (0.6, 7.2)
  Methyl bromide
3 (3.6)
161 (1.3)
1.9 (0.6, 6.1)
5 (15.6)
718 (13.8)
0.8 (0.3, 2.5)
Postmenopausal women N=192 N=10,736   N=103 N=4,700  
Any pesticides 89 (46.4) 6,036 (56.2) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 98 (99.0) 4,448 (99.4)  
Chemical classes: (expand/collapse)
  Carbamates
57 (30.3)
3,698 (35.1)
0.8 (0.6, 1.1)
52 (65.8)
2,391 (70.4)
0.9 (0.6, 1.5)
  Chloroacetanilides
8 (4.3)
617 (5.9)
0.7 (0.3, 1.4)
60 (69.0)
2,711 (67.1)
1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
  Dinitroanilines
7 (3.7)
718 (6.9)
0.5 (0.3, 1.2)
58 (73.4)
2,504 (70.4)
1.4 (0.8, 2.4)
  Dithiocarbamates
<3
244 (2.4)
 
8 (10.0)
364 (11.3)
0.9 (0.4, 2.0)
  Organochlorines
12 (6.4)
1,320 (12.7)
0.4 (0.2, 0.7)
57 (69.5)
1,930 (59.8)
1.3 (0.8, 2.2)
  Organophosphates
52 (27.8)
3,047 (29.3)
0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
85 (93.4)
3,561 (91.0)
1.6 (0.7, 3.7)
  Phenoxy herbicides
23 (12.3)
1,705 (16.3)
0.7 (0.4, 1.0)
74 (84.1)
3,331 (85.5)
1.0 (0.6, 1.9)
  Pyrethroids
3 (1.6)
459 (4.5)
0.4 (0.1, 1.1)
15 (17.7)
652 (17.0)
1.3 (0.7, 2.2)
  Thiocarbamates
<3
249 (2.4)
 
28 (40.6)
1,109 (37.3)
1.2 (0.7, 1.9)
  Triazines
5 (2.7)
669 (6.4)
0.4 (0.2, 1.0)
73 (84.9)
3,304 (83.5)
1.2 (0.7, 2.2)
Insecticides: (expand/collapse)
  Aldicarb
<3
55 (0.5)
 
5 (5.1)
466 (10.7)
0.6 (0.2, 1.5)
  Aldrin
3 (1.6)
154 (1.5)
0.9 (0.3, 2.8)
40 (40.4)
1,079 (24.7)
1.7 (1.1, 2.6)
  Carbaryl
56 (29.8)
3,626 (34.3)
0.8 (0.6, 1.2)
54 (54.0)
2,308 (51.7)
1.4 (0.9, 2.2)
  Carbofuran
3 (1.6)
266 (2.5)
0.7 (0.2, 2.1)
26 (31.0)
1,220 (31.0)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
  Chlordane
8 (4.3)
717 (6.9)
0.5 (0.2, 1.0)
36 (35.6)
1,220 (27.8)
1.5 (1.0, 2.3)
  Chlorpyrifos
7 (3.7)
455 (4.3)
1.0 (0.5, 2.2)
44 (48.4)
1,557 (38.9)
1.6 (1.1, 2.4)
  Coumaphos
<3
167 (1.6)
 
8 (9.5)
324 (8.5)
1.0 (0.5, 2.1)
  DDT†
8 (4.3)
755 (7.3)
0.5 (0.2, 0.9)
48 (47.1)
1,758 (39.8)
1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
  Diazinon
19 (10.1)
1,128 (10.7)
1.1 (0.7, 1.8)
28 (28.0)
1,113 (25.4)
1.5 (0.9, 2.3)
  Dichlorvos†
7 (3.8)
344 (3.3)
1.0 (0.4, 2.0)
11 (12.9)
318 (8.2)
1.4 (0.7, 2.6)
  Dieldrin
<3
71 (0.7)
 
12 (12.2)
295 (6.8)
1.6 (0.9, 3.0)
  Fonofos
<3
242 (2.3)
 
22 (25.9)
811 (20.6)
1.3 (0.8, 2.1)
  Heptachlor
3 (1.6)
144 (1.4)
0.9 (0.3, 2.9)
30 (30.9)
751 (17.2)
1.7 (1.1, 2.7)
  Lindane
<3
193 (1.8)
 
20 (20.2)
596 (13.6)
1.7 (1.0, 2.7)
  Malathion
41 (21.7)
2,446 (23.1)
0.9 (0.6, 1.2)
69 (69.7)
2,801 (62.7)
1.5 (1.0, 2.3)
  Parathion
<3
130 (1.2)
0.4 (0.1, 3.0)
13 (13.3)
574 (13.2)
1.4 (0.8, 2.5)
  Permethrin (for animals)
3 (1.6)
319 (3.1)
0.5 (0.2, 1.6)
9 (10.5)
290 (7.4)
1.5 (0.7, 3.0)
  Permethrin (for crops)
<3
192 (1.8)
 
6 (7.1)
415 (10.7)
0.9 (0.4, 2.1)
  Phorate
3 (1.6)
249 (2.4)
0.6 (0.2, 2.0)
33 (33.3)
1,335 (30.5)
1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
  Terbufos
3 (1.6)
327 (3.1)
0.5 (0.2, 1.6)
29 (33.7)
1,388 (35.1)
0.9 (0.5, 1.4)
  Toxaphene
<3
123 (1.2)
 
21 (21.4)
760 (17.5)
1.3 (0.8, 2.2)
Herbicides: (expand/collapse)
  Alachlor
3 (1.6)
510 (4.9)
0.3 (0.1, 0.9)
50 (58.1)
2,259 (56.4)
1.0 (0.7, 1.5)
  Atrazine
4 (2.1)
553 (5.3)
0.4 (0.1, 1.0)
68 (74.7)
3,048 (72.4)
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
  Butylate
<3
178 (1.7)
 
26 (26.0)
1,084 (24.8)
1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
  Chlorimuron ethyl
3 (1.6)
187 (1.8)
0.9 (0.3, 2.8)
28 (28.0)
1,201 (27.4)
1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
  Cyanazine
<3
340 (3.2)
 
35 (41.2)
1,508 (38.3)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
  Dicamba
10 (5.3)
442 (4.2)
1.3 (0.7, 2.5)
42 (49.4)
1,757 (44.9)
1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
  EPTC†
<3
145 (1.4)
 
15 (18.3)
618 (16.1)
1.1 (0.6, 2.0)
  Glyphosate
40 (21.3)
3,339 (31.7)
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)
74 (77.9)
3,133 (74.4)
1.4 (0.9, 2.3)
  Imazethapyr
3 (1.6)
301 (2.9)
0.7 (0.2, 2.1)
29 (35.4)
1,377 (35.6)
0.9 (0.6, 1.5)
  Metolachlor
7 (3.7)
331 (3.2)
1.3 (0.6, 2.7)
39 (45.9)
1,697 (42.7)
1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
  Metribuzin
<3
246 (2.3)
 
33 (33.0)
1,465 (33.4)
0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
  Paraquat
<3
147 (1.4)
 
20 (19.8)
939 (21.4)
1.3 (0.8, 2.2)
  Pendimethalin
<3
255 (2.4)
 
36 (36.0)
1,562 (35.5)
1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
  Petroleum oil
6 (3.2)
431 (4.1)
0.7 (0.3, 1.6)
21 (21.0)
1,084 (24.8)
1.1 (0.7, 1.8)
  Trifluralin
6 (3.2)
621 (5.9)
0.5 (0.2, 1.2)
48 (54.6)
2,058 (51.7)
1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
  2,4-D†
23 (12.2)
1,690 (16.1)
0.7 (0.4, 1.0)
71 (78.0)
3,225 (78.8)
0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
  2,4,5-T†
<3
141 (1.4)
 
36 (36.0)
1,108 (25.3)
1.4 (0.9, 2.2)
  2,4,5-TP†
<3
67 (0.6)
 
15 (15.2)
321 (7.4)
2.2 (1.3, 3.9)
Fungicides: (expand/collapse)
  Benomyl
<3
126 (1.2)
 
14 (14.0)
528 (12.0)
1.6 (0.9, 3.0)
  Captan
<3
266 (2.6)
 
17 (20.5)
335 (8.7)
3.6 (2.1, 6.1)
  Chlorothalonil
3 (1.6)
114 (1.1)
1.7 (0.6, 5.5)
9 (10.6)
430 (11.0)
1.3 (0.6, 2.8)
  Maneb
<3
240 (2.3)
 
9 (8.9)
524 (11.9)
0.9 (0.4, 1.8)
  Metalaxyl
<3
189 (1.8)
 
20 (19.8)
1,040 (23.5)
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
Fumigants: (expand/collapse)
  Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide
<3
99 (1.0)
 
8 (7.9)
272 (6.2)
1.3 (0.6, 2.7)
  Ethylene dibromide
<3
17 (0.2)
 
<3
237 (5.4)
 
  Methyl bromide
4 (2.1)
150 (1.4)
1.4 (0.5, 3.8)
14 (15.9)
810 (20.3)
1.0 (0.5, 1.9)

* The numbers of cases and noncases included in the analyses differ across pesticides because of missing data.
† RR, rate ratio; CI, confidence interval; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; dichlorvos, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethylphosphate; EPTC, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-TP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid.
‡ Each pesticide exposure was examined in a separate model adjusted for age (<40, 40-49, 50-59, and =60 years), race (White and other), and state of residence (Iowa and North Carolina). A rate ratio was estimated only if there were at least three exposed and three unexposed cases and three exposed and three unexposed noncases.
§ Organophosphate insecticides: chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, fonofos, malathion, methyl or ethyl parathion, phorate, terbufos, and trichlorfon; organochlorine insecticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, and toxaphene; carbamate insecticides: aldicarb, carbaryl, and carbofuran; pyrethroid insecticides: permethrin or pyrethroid products; triazine herbicides: atrazine, cyanazine, and metribuzin; chloroacetanilide herbicides: alachlor and metolachlor; thiocarbamate herbicides: butylate and EPTC; dinitroaniline herbicides: pendimethalin and trifluralin; phenoxy herbicides: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4,5-TP; dithiocarbamate fungicides: mancozeb, maneb, and ziram.